Unity or Unity3D Best Practices and Tips by Toptal Developers

New developers usually mistake the gameObject’s components, such as the Transform and the attached MonoBehaviours as the main instance in the scene.

//Reference to the scripts
MonsterScript monster;
ItemScript item;

void OnPlayerWin()
{
    //Process score.
    Destroy(monster); //Will destroy the monster’s script only and the monster will be on scene. 
}

void OnPlayerGetItem()
{
    //Process item.
    Destroy(item); //Will destroy the item’s script only and the item will be on scene. 
}

Every component in the Unity API has a reference to its gameObject, which is the element containing all scripts and components related to a game element.

//Reference to the scripts
MonsterScript monster;
ItemScript item;

void OnPlayerWin()
{
    //Process score.
    Destroy(monster.gameObject); //Will destroy the monster’s entire instance.
}

void OnPlayerGetItem()
{
    //Process item.
    Destroy(item.gameObject); //Will destroy the item’s entire instance.
}

The knowledge to differentiate between a gameObject 它的组成部分对于避免游戏玩法关键部分的不良行为至关重要.

然而，有时，目标实际上是终止给定的脚本，为另一个脚本打开一个位置. One example is changing between AI behaviours.

GameObject monster;

void OnPlayerClose()
{
    AIScriptIdle ai = monster.GetComponent(); //Gets the current AI instance
    if(ai) Destroy(ai); //If it exists, destroy.
    monster.AddComponent(); //Adds the Attack AI Script.
}

void OnPlayerFar()
{
    AIScriptAttack ai = monster.GetComponent(); //Gets the current AI instance
    if(ai) Destroy(ai);//If it exists, destroy.
    monster.AddComponent(); //Adds the Idle AI script.
}

Usually, one would create one material for each. However, if at some point the base material needs its shader, textures or parameters changed, you would need to update all previously created ones.

避免这种情况的一种方法是为所有角色使用一种材质，并将参数和纹理存储在角色脚本中.

//Character.cs

Texture2D skin; //Reference to the character skin texture.
Color tint;     //Some tint parameter for the shader.

void Start()
{
    Material m = GetComponent().sharedMaterial; //Get the renderer material reference.
    m.color = tint;       //Change the shader color parameter to the character’s.
    m.mainTexture = skin; //Change the skin texture to the character’s.
}

Pretty easy? However, there is a catch. To simplify the workflow, we had only one material for all characters. 所以，如果有人改变了材质属性，所有的角色都会受到影响.

To avoid this, 你必须在游戏开始时复制材质实例，并使其专属于该角色.

//Character.cs

Texture2D skin; //Reference to the character skin texture.
Color tint;     //Some tint parameter for the shader.

void Start()
{
    Material m = GetComponent().sharedMaterial; //Get the renderer material reference.
    m = Instantiate(m);                         //Duplicate the original
    m.color = tint;       //Change the shader color parameter to the character’s.
    m.mainTexture = skin; //Change the skin texture to the character’s.
    GetComponent().sharedMaterial = m; //Assign the new material only for this character.
}

将物体移出Unity物理循环的最常见方法是使用 MoveTowards and Lerp.

If you want to move things with constant speed, MoveTowards increments your position with a constant rate for each frame.

//Constant Speed
Vector3 position;
Vector3 target;
float speed;
void Update()
{
  position = Vector3.MoveTowards(position,target,Time.deltaTime * speed);
}

To move things with the feel of acceleration one must use Lerp. 我们得到的效果是因为下一个位置是剩余距离的一个百分比. So, 第一步比最后一步大，因为剩下的距离越来越短.

//Variable Speed
Vector3 position;
Vector3 target;
float speed;
void Update()
{
  position = Vector3.Lerp(position,target,Time.deltaTime * speed);
}

The interesting part here is that these equations operate in numbers, and considering that quaternions (rotations), colors, rectangles and other Math structures have the same composition, 可以看到，一切都可以使用这种技术进行插值. 例如，褪色或滑动屏幕和旋转对象是它的其他用例.

    /// 

    /// Generic material pool
    /// 
    /// A class or struct that contains the parameters for identifying and constructing a new material
    public class MaterialPool {

        //函数定义给定一个T将返回一个新材料.
        //当材料第一次插入到池中时使用.
        public delegate Material MaterialGenerator(T t);

        private Dictionary pool;
        private MaterialGenerator generator;

        public MaterialPool(MaterialGenerator generator) {
            this.pool = new Dictionary();
            this.generator = generator;
        }

        public Material GetMaterial(T t) {
            Material mat;
            if (!pool.TryGetValue(t, out mat)) {
                mat = generator(t);
                pool[t] = mat;
            }
            return mat;
        }
    }

It requires two additional, customized, elements: a material generator function, and a type that provides the parameters for customizing the material:

///重写Equals和GetHashCode方法时要小心，这样才能正常工作
/// as a key in the dictionary
struct MaterialDef {
...
}

/// generate a new material from the definition
private Material MaterialGenerator(MaterialDef matDef) {
...
}

/// in Start or Awake instance the material pool
    matPool = new MaterialPool(MaterialGenerator);
///稍后在代码中，当需要一个新材料时，只需从池中请求它
gameObject.GetComponent().material = matPool.GetMaterial(new MaterialDef( ... ));

这种方法的一大好处是，它使您能够分离不同的关注点:

1. The pooling.
2. 鉴别一种物质与另一种物质的区别.
3. The material generation itself.

您可以替换其中的每一个，而不必担心(太多)其他的. 这种方法的另一个优点是，它允许您从池中查询材料，而不必关心它是否会生成新的材料或重用现有的材料.